Exposure to environmental factors and relationship to allergic rhinitis and/or asthma.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Studies analyzing risk factors, multiple indoor and outdoor factors related to asthma and/or allergic rhinitis (AR) in childhood, are very rare. The presented study was carried out to simultaneously assess host-related, indoor and particulate matter exposure with current allergic rhinitis (AR) and/or asthma in children (6-7 years) and adolescents (13-14 years). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The method was a cross-sectional population-based study in which participants were diagnosed by means of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) written questionnaire. RESULTS: Exposure to indoor risk factors were verified in 1,302 individuals, in which the prevalence of AR, asthma and AR-asthma comorbidity were 37.3%, 28.4%, and 16%, for children and 31.5%, 16.2%, and 10.5% for adolescents, respectively. Smoking during pregnancy was associated with current asthma (OR=1.5), second-hand smoking with AR-asthma comorbidity (OR=1.4) and visible mold on the walls with current AR, asthma, and AR-asthma comorbidity (OR=1.6). In a subgroup of 590 children, in addition to the indoor risk factors, exposure to PM10 was assessed. In this joint analysis, there was association with the same previously mentioned risk factors (p values ≤ 0.5) and a negative association to PM10 (p ≤ 0.002). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that avoidance of smoking during pregnancy, second-hand smoking and exposure to mould at home can contribute to reducing current AR and/or current asthma. Exposure to PM10 was not associated with the prevalence rate of these diseases.

[Iodine deficiency and associated factors in infants and preschool children in an urban community in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 2008]. / Deficiência de iodo e fatores associados em lactentes e pré-escolares de um município do semiárido de Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2008.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of iodine deficiency in children aged 6 to 71 months in Novo Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. A total of 475 children, allocated by stratified probability sampling, were analyzed with respect to the iodine concentrations in the salt consumed by the family and urinary iodine. Iodine deficiency was verified in 34.4% of the children, of which 23.5% showed slight deficiency, 5.9% moderate and 5% serious deficiency. A difference in the distribution of iodine deficiency was observed between the urban and the rural environments (p < 0.001) where average urinary iodine concentrations of 150.8 and 114.3µg/L respectively were found. A greater proportion of iodine deficiency was observed among children where the proportion of iodine in the salt consumed was below the recommended level. Although expressive, iodine deficiency in Novo Cruzeiro is not a public health problem according to World Health Organization (WHO), The limitrophe distribution of the urinary iodine associated with low iodine levels in salt suggests that efforts to control this deficiency are not yet complete.

Deficiência de iodo e fatores associados em lactentes e pré-escolares de um município do semiárido de Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2008 / Iodine deficiency and associated factors in infants and preschool children in an urban community in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 2008

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de deficiência de iodo em crianças de 6 a 71 meses em Novo Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram analisadas 475 crianças alocadas por amostragem probabilística estratificada em relação às concentrações de iodo no sal de consumo familiar e excreção urinária de iodo. Observou-se excreção deficiente de iodo em 34,4 por cento das crianças; entre as quais, 23,5 por cento apresentaram deficiência leve; 5,9 por cento, moderada; e 5 por cento, grave. Diferença na distribuição da deficiência de iodo urinário foi constatada entre o meio urbano e rural (p < 0,001), registrando concentrações medianas de iodúria de 150,8µg/L e 114,3µg/L, respectivamente. Observou-se alta proporção de deficiência entre crianças cujo teor de iodo no sal de consumo encontrava-se abaixo da recomendação. A deficiência de iodo em Novo Cruzeiro não constitui problema de saúde pública segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), embora apresente prevalência ainda expressiva. A distribuição limítrofe de iodúria associada a baixos níveis de iodo no sal sugere que as ações de controle dessa carência ainda não são completas no país.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of iodine deficiency in children aged 6 to 71 months in Novo Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. A total of 475 children, allocated by stratified probability sampling, were analyzed with respect to the iodine concentrations in the salt consumed by the family and urinary iodine. Iodine deficiency was verified in 34.4 percent of the children, of which 23.5 percent showed slight deficiency, 5.9 percent moderate and 5 percent serious deficiency. A difference in the distribution of iodine deficiency was observed between the urban and the rural environments (p < 0.001) where average urinary iodine concentrations of 150.8 and 114.3µg/L respectively were found. A greater proportion of iodine deficiency was observed among children where the proportion of iodine in the salt consumed was below the recommended level. Although expressive, iodine deficiency in Novo Cruzeiro is not a public health problem according to World Health Organization (WHO), The limitrophe distribution of the urinary iodine associated with low iodine levels in salt suggests that efforts to control this deficiency are not yet complete.

Quality evaluation of simvastatin compounded capsules / Avaliação da qualidade de cápsulas manipuladas de sinvastatina

Simvastatin is commercially available as tablets and compounded capsules in Brazil. Very few reports regarding these capsules' quality, and consequently their efficacy, are available. The pharmaceutical quality of 30 batches of 20 mg simvastatin capsules from the market was evaluated by weight determination, content uniformity, disintegration (Brazilian Pharmacopeia), assay and dissolution test (USP32 tablet monograph). A HPLC method was developed for assay, content uniformity and dissolution test, and specifications were also established. Out of the 30 batches evaluated, 29 showed capsule disintegration within 45 min and individual weight variation was within ±10 percent or ±7.5 percent relative to average weight, for < or > 300 mg, respectively. Only 27 batches met dissolution test criteria with values >80 percent of the labeled amount in 45 min; 21 batches showed simvastatin content between 90.0-110.0 percent of the labeled amount and 19 batches had at least 9 out of 10 capsules with content uniformity values between 85.0-115.0 percent of the labeled amount with RSD<6.0 percent. Only 14 of all (30) batches fully met pharmacopeial quality standards. The establishment of test conditions and specification parameters for simvastatin capsules showed that there are relevant pharmacopeial quality differences between batches compounded by different pharmacies. For 53.33 percent of the tested products hypercholesterolemic treatment efficacy may be compromised.

No Brasil, a sinvastatina está comercialmente disponível na forma de comprimidos e cápsulas manipuladas. Poucos relatos estão disponíveis sobre a qualidade e, consequentemente, a eficácia dessas cápsulas. A qualidade de 30 lotes de sinvastatina 20 mg cápsulas do mercado foi avaliada através da determinação de peso, uniformidade de conteúdo, desintegração (Farmacopéia Brasileira), doseamento e teste de dissolução (monografia comprimidos USP32). Método por CLAE foi desenvolvido para o doseamento, uniformidade de conteúdo e teste de dissolução; além disso, especificações foram estabelecidas. Dos 30 lotes avaliados, 29 apresentaram desintegração da cápsula até 45 min e a variação do peso individual foi ± 10 por cento ou ± 7,5 por cento em relação ao peso médio, se < ou > 300 mg, respectivamente. Apenas 27 lotes preencheram os critérios do teste de dissolução com valores > 80 por cento da quantidade rotulada, em 45 min, 21 lotes apresentaram conteúdo de sinvastatina entre 90,0-110,0 por cento do valor rotulado e 19 lotes apresentaram pelo menos 9 em 10 cápsulas, com valores de uniformidade de conteúdo entre 85,0 -115,0 por cento da quantidade rotulada com RSD < 6,0 por cento. Apenas 14 de todos os lotes (30) atenderam completamente os padrões de qualidade farmacopéicos. O estabelecimento das condições para os testes e de especificações para os parâmetros das cápsulas de sinvastatina mostrou que houve diferenças relevantes na qualidade farmacopeica entre os lotes das cápsulas manipuladas por distintas farmácias. A eficácia do tratamento hipercolesterolêmico poderia estar comprometida para 53,33 por cento dos produtos testados.

The Pietà study: epidemiological investigation on successful brain aging in Caeté (MG), Brazil. Methods and baseline cohort characteristics.

OBJECTIVES: To present the methods and baseline characteristics of the Pietà study, a population-based survey investigating successful brain aging in the oldest-old. METHOD: The study was conducted in Caeté (MG), Brazil. In 2007, 1,251 individuals aged 75+ years were living in the city and were invited to participate. Participants responded to a general health questionnaire and were submitted to clinical, neurological, cognitive, psychiatric and functional evaluations. A subgroup was submitted to neuropsychological testing, blood tests and magnetic resonance of the skull. Individuals were classified as having cognitive impairment-no dementia, dementia, parkinsonism, psychiatric disorders or successful brain aging. RESULTS: We evaluated 639 individuals (51.1% of the target population; 64% women), aged 81.4±5.2 years and with 2.7±2.6 years of schooling. Almost 30% of the elderly were illiterates and 82.1% belonged to middle/middle-low socioeconomic levels. Almost 50% were widows, but only 14.3% were living alone. CONCLUSION: The Pietà cohort is representative of the oldest-old Brazilian population. We believe the results of the study may contribute to increase our knowledge about healthy and pathological brain aging in the oldest-old.

The Pietà study: epidemiological investigation on successful brain aging in Caeté (MG), Brazil. Methods and baseline cohort characteristics / Estudo Pietà: investigação epidemiológica sobre envelhecimento cerebral bem sucedido em Caeté (MG), Brasil. Métodos e características de base da coorte

OBJECTIVES: To present the methods and baseline characteristics of the Pietà study, a population-based survey investigating successful brain aging in the oldest-old. METHOD: The study was conducted in Caeté (MG), Brazil. In 2007, 1,251 individuals aged 75+ years were living in the city and were invited to participate. Participants responded to a general health questionnaire and were submitted to clinical, neurological, cognitive, psychiatric and functional evaluations. A subgroup was submitted to neuropsychological testing, blood tests and magnetic resonance of the skull. Individuals were classified as having cognitive impairment-no dementia, dementia, parkinsonism, psychiatric disorders or successful brain aging. RESULTS: We evaluated 639 individuals (51.1 percent of the target population; 64 percent women), aged 81.4±5.2 years and with 2.7±2.6 years of schooling. Almost 30 percent of the elderly were illiterates and 82.1 percent belonged to middle/middle-low socioeconomic levels. Almost 50 percent were widows, but only 14.3 percent were living alone. CONCLUSION: The Pietà cohort is representative of the oldest-old Brazilian population. We believe the results of the study may contribute to increase our knowledge about healthy and pathological brain aging in the oldest-old.

OBJETIVOS: Apresentar os métodos e as características sociodemográficas do projeto Pietà, estudo de base populacional que investiga o envelhecimento cerebral bem sucedido em uma coorte de idosos muito idosos. MÉTODO: O estudo foi conduzido em Caeté (MG). Em 2007, 1.251 indivíduos com 75+ anos residiam no município e foram convidados a participar. Os idosos responderam a um questionário de saúde geral e foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, neurológica, cognitiva, psiquiátrica e funcional. Um subgrupo realizou avaliação neuropsicológica, exames laboratoriais e ressonância magnética de crânio. Os participantes foram classificados em grupos com comprometimento cognitivo-não demência, demência, parkinsonismo, transtornos psiquiátricos ou envelhecimento cerebral bem sucedido. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 639 idosos (51,1 por cento da população-alvo; 64 por cento mulheres), com idade 81,4±5,2 anos e escolaridade 2,7±2,6 anos. Quase 30 por cento eram analfabetos e 82,1 por cento pertenciam às classes sócio-econômicas média/média-baixa. Aproximadamente 50 por cento eram viúvos, mas somente 14,3 por cento viviam sozinhos. CONCLUSÃO: A coorte do estudo Pietà é representativa da população idosa muito idosa brasileira. Esperamos que os resultados do estudo contribuam para incrementar o conhecimento sobre envelhecimento cerebral normal e patológico em idosos muito idosos.

Late needling of flat filtering blebs with adjunctive mitomycin C: efficacy and safety for the corneal endothelium.

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of needle revision using mitomycin C (MMC) for reviving failed filtering blebs during the late postoperative period and its safety for the corneal endothelium. DESIGN: Prospective interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS: We recruited 125 eyes from 98 patients with uncontrolled glaucoma. All had at least 1 failed trabeculectomy, a flat filtering bleb, and a patent internal ostium on gonioscopy. The average time between the last trabeculectomy and needle revision was 5.3±5.3 years (range, 6 months to 30 years). INTERVENTION: Needling revision with a subconjunctival injection of 8 µg of MMC. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intraocular pressure (IOP) and number of hypotensive medications at latest visit, central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation of cell size (CV), and hexagonality before and after needling. RESULTS: We performed 186 needling procedures on 125 eyes (mean, 1.5±0.6 procedures/eye). Seventy-three eyes (58.4%) were needled once, 44 eyes (35.2%) were needled twice, 7 eyes (5.6%) were needled 3 times, and 1 eye (0.8%) was needled 4 times. We reestablished aqueous flow and obtained a raised bleb in 115 eyes (92%). After an average follow-up of 20.8±12.0 months, the mean IOP decreased from 20.1±5.2 mmHg preoperatively to 13.2±6.8 mmHg (P<0.001), and the mean number of hypotensive medications per eye decreased from 2.4±1.1 to 0.8±1.3 (P<0.001) at the latest visit. The overall success rate (IOP ≤16 mmHg) was 76% (58.4% without medication and 17.6% with hypotensive medications). Kaplan-Meier survival rates were 91.2% at the 1-month follow-up, 84.5% at 6 months, 81.0% at 1 year, 74.6% at 2 years, and 66.3% at 3 years. We studied the corneal endothelium in 42 eyes of 36 patients. There was no statistically significant difference between preoperative CCT, ECD, CV, or hexagonality and postoperative measurements at 1 week and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Needling revision with adjunctive MMC is effective for reviving flat filtering blebs and controlling IOP, even several years after the original trabeculectomy, and seems to be safe for the corneal endothelium.

A evolução da mortalidade por causas mal definidas na população idosa em quatro capitais brasileiras, 1996-2007 / The evolution of mortality from ill-defined causes among the elderly population in four major Brazilian cities, 1996-2007 / La evolución de la mortalidad por causas mal definidas en la población anciana de cuatro capitales brasileñas, 1996-2007

Este artigo objetiva estudar a evolução da mortalidade por causas mal definidas na população com mais de 60 anos, residente em Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Porto Alegre, entre 1996 e 2007. Foi analisada a evolução da mortalidade proporcional por causas mal definidas (CMD) no período, a distribuição dessas mortes por grupos etários, segundo códigos do Capítulo XVIII da Classificação Internacional de Doenças - CID-10, e a posição desse grupo de causas no total de óbitos em idosos. Avaliou-se, também, a razão de chances (IC95 por cento) entre os óbitos por CMD e sua ocorrência em hospitais. A evolução da mortalidade proporcional por CMD nas capitais selecionadas, entre 1996 e 2007, indicou uma participação maior de óbitos por CMD em idosos no Rio de Janeiro, onde essas mortes ocupam a posição mais elevada (4º lugar) na ordenação dos grupos de causas para a população idosa. Nessa capital também o percentual de óbitos por CMD ocorridos em hospitais foi quase o dobro das demais. Conforme esperado, a classificação da causa do óbito como CMD mostrou-se negativamente associada à ocorrência em hospitais. Os resultados evidenciam boa qualidade da informação, mas indicam problemas recorrentes na prestação da atenção médica à população idosa.

The objective of this article is to study the evolution of mortality from ill-defined causes in the population over age 60 in the Brazilian cities of Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Porto Alegre between 1996 and 2007. The evolution of the proportion of deaths due to ill-defined causes during this period was analyzed, as well as the distribution of these deaths by age group, according to the codes in Chapter XVIII of the International Disease Classification (IDC-10) and the position of this group of causes in the total number of deaths of elderly persons. The chance ratio (95 percent) for ill-defined causes and their occurrence in hospitals was also evaluated. The evolution of the proportion of deaths from ill-defined causes between 1996 and 2007 in the cities mentioned indicated that the highest proportion of deaths from ill-defined causes in the elderly was in Rio de Janeiro, where such deaths are in 4th place among all causes for this age group. In addition, the percentage of deaths from ill-defined causes that occurred in hospitals in Rio de Janeiro was almost twice as high as that in the other cities. As expected, the classification of cause of death as ill-defined was negatively associated with deaths that occurred in hospitals. The findings show good quality of information but indicate frequent problems in providing medical attention to the elderly population.

Este artículo se centra en estudiar la evolución de la mortalidad por causas mal definidas en la población con más de 60 años, residente en Belo Horizonte, Río de Janeiro, São Paulo y Porto Alegre, entre 1996 y 2007. Se analizó la evolución de la mortalidad proporcional por causas mal definidas (CMD) durante el período, la distribución de esas muertes por grupos de edad, según códigos del Capítulo XVIII de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades - CID-10, y la posición de ese grupo de causas en el total de óbitos en ancianos. Se evaluó, también, la razón de oportunidades (IC95 por ciento) entre los óbitos por CMD y su ocurrencia en hospitales. La evolución de la mortalidad proporcional por CMD en las capitales seleccionadas, entre 1996 y 2007, indicó una existencia mayor de óbitos por CMD en ancianos en Río de Janeiro, donde esas muertes ocupan la posición más alta (4º lugar) en la ordenación de los grupos de causas para la población anciana. En esa capital, también el porcentaje de óbitos por CMD ocurridos en hospitales fue casi el doble que en las demás. Conforme lo esperado, la clasificación de la causa de óbito como CMD se mostró negativamente asociada a la ocurrencia en hospitales. Los resultados evidencian buena calidad de la información, pero indican problemas recurrentes en la prestación de la atención médica a la población anciana.

Absenteísmo por doença em trabalhadores de uma organização hospitalar pública e universitária / Sickness absenteeism in employees in an public and university hospital

Introdução: O absenteísmo-doença, entendido como ausência no trabalho por motivo de doença, pode ser um indicador das condições de saúde dos trabalhadores, que por sua vez interfere na produção, aumenta o custo operacional e reduz a eficiência no trabalho. O hospital é conhecido como um ambiente insalubre, capaz de gerar agravos de natureza física e psíquica. Por sua diversidade de postos de trabalho e múltiplas categorias profissionais, permite estudos comparativos dentro da própria organização. Objetivos: Analisar os indicadores de absenteísmo por motivo de doença de uma organização hospitalar pelo período de um ano. Métodos: analisaram-se todas as licenças- saúde iniciadas em 2006, dos 2790 trabalhadores de um hospital público universitário, contratados sob o regime estatutário ou celetista. Resultados: 1471 trabalhadores (52,1%) tiveram uma ou mais licenças durante o ano. O índice de absenteísmo foi de 5,3%. A taxa de severidade foi de 8,3 dias, a taxa de gravidade foi de 12,5 dias e o índice de freqüência por trabalhador foi de 1,9. Os fatores de risco identificados foram: sexo feminino, vínculo estatutário, escolaridade fundamental e média, trabalho noturno, tempo de serviço, cargos de enfermagem e operacionais e setores de trabalho diferentes da administração. As nosologias mais freqüentes foram as doenças respiratórias (curta duração), do sistema osteomuscular e tecido conjuntivo (curta e longa duração) e os transtornos mentais e do comportamento (longa duração). Conclusões: Os fatores de risco sócio-demográficos e da organização do trabalho influenciam nas estatísticas de absenteísmo. Sua identificação e monitoramento possibilitam a intervenção e melhoria das condições de trabalho.

Introduction: sick leave, taken as absence from work due to illness, may be an indicator of the health of workers, which in turn interferes with the production, increases the operating cost and reduces work efficiency. The hospital is known as an unhealthy environment, can generate physical e mental health problems. A diversity of jobs and many professional categories allow comparisons within the organization itself. Objectives: To analyze the rates of absenteeism due to illness in a hospital organization for one year. Methods: We analyzed all licenses health started in 2006, of the 2790 workers of a public university hospital, contracted under a statutory or "celetista" system. Results: 1471 workers (52.1%) had one or more health sick leave during the year. The rate of absenteeism was 5.3%. The severity rate was 8.3 days, the and incapacity rate was 12.5 days and the rate of absence per employee was 1.9. The risk factors identified were female, statutory bond, primary and middle school, night work, length of service, positions of nursing and operational work and different sectors of administration. Sick leaves were mainly produced by the following diseases or group of diseases: respiratory disorders (short term); musculoskeletal disorders (short and long term); and mental or behavioral disorders (long term). Conclusions: Risk factors related to social and demographic determinants and risk factors related to work organization are at the grounds of statistics on sickness absenteeism. The identification and surveillance of these risk factors are important for intervention and prevention purposes.

Factors related to lower adherence rates to inhaled corticosteroids in children and adolescents: a prospective randomized cohort study.

UNLABELLED: Asthma morbidity is high, partly due to low adherence to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). This study aims to assess rates and factors related to low adherence to ICS over time in asthmatic children and adolescents. METHODS: A concurrent cohort study was carried out for 24 months in 168 randomly selected patients suffering from persistent moderate asthma. All of them were given beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) free of charge. Adherence rates were verified by pharmacy records (doses filled/doses prescribed). A multivariate analysis evaluated factors related with low adherence rates. RESULTS: Overall adherence rates were 72.5, 58.6 and 61.1% in the 4th, 12th and 24th months of follow-up, respectively. Factors associated to adherence rates <70% were: mother's schooling level (p = 0.03), replacement of the caregiver (p = 0.03), prescription greater than two puffs/day (p = 0.005), absence of rhinosinusitis (p = 0.002) and age under 7 years (p = 0.04). Only the number of consultations lower than two in a 4-month period was associated to a lower adherence rate in all study periods (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Adherence rates decreased over time, even in patients who had received the medication free of charge, and factors related to lower adherence changed during the follow-up. Results have shown that adherence had a dynamic pattern and its determinants should be re-evaluated continuously. Only the number of consultations was associated to a lower adherence rate in all periods, pointing out that health programs must recognize and facilitate the access of patients needing special care, which can contribute for better adherence and reducing asthma morbidity.

[Absenteeism profile in a state bank in Minas Gerais between 1998-2003]. / Perfil do absenteísmo em um banco estatal em Minas Gerais: análise no período de 1998 a 2003.

The purpose of this paper was to study the profile of absenteeism in a state bank and to establish the more frequent causes for sick leaves among the members of the staff. A cross-cut, descriptive and quantitative study was developed for approaching absenteeism and its most frequent causes in a state bank in the state of Minas Gerais between 1998 and 2003. The absenteeism rates were homogenous, with a decrease during the period of the study, except for the frequency rates, as a result of alterations in their numerators and denominators. The prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases and mental disorders was of 33,25 and 22,21 leaves per 1,000 workers respectively. Leaves of women and workers in relatively low-pay positions, aged between 40 and 49, married, working in the institution for over 21 years predominated. The study indicated that sick leaves due to musculoskeletal diseases that where predominating before in the company are decreasing. On the other hand, there was an increase of cases of mental and behavioral disorders, indicating a possible change in the health profile. However, further studies will be necessary to corroborate these results.

Perfil do absenteísmo em um banco estatal em Minas Gerais: análise no período de 1998 a 2003 / Absenteeism profile in a state bank in Minas Gerais between 1998 a 2003

O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi estudar o perfil do absenteísmo em uma empresa bancária estatal e estimar a prevalência de afastamentos pelas doenças que mais acometeram seus trabalhadores. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, descritivo e quantitativo abordando absenteísmo e prevalência de causas de afastamento em um banco estatal no estado de Minas Gerais, no período de 1998 a 2003. Os índices de absenteísmo apresentaram distribuição heterogênea, estando em queda no período estudado, exceto a taxa de freqüência, devido a modificações nos números que compõem seus numeradores e denominadores. As prevalências das doenças osteomusculares e dos distúrbios mentais e comportamentais foram 33,25 e 22,21 afastamentos por 1.000 trabalhadores, respectivamente. Houve predomínio de afastamentos de trabalhadores do sexo feminino, com idade entre 40 e 49 anos de idade, com tempo de empresa superior a 21 anos e com funções com menores valores de remuneração. O estudo indicou que as doenças osteomusculares e do tecido conjuntivo que antes predominavam na empresa estão em queda. Houve também ascensão dos distúrbios mentais e comportamentais, indicando possível mudança no perfil de adoecimento. Mais estudos são necessários para a explicação dos resultados observados.

The purpose of this paper was to study the profile of absenteeism in a state bank and to establish the more frequent causes for sick leaves among the members of the staff. A cross-cut, descriptive and quantitative study was developed for approaching absenteeism and its most frequent causes in a state bank in the state of Minas Gerais between 1998 and 2003. The absenteeism rates were homogenous, with a decrease during the period of the study, except for the frequency rates, as a result of alterations in their numerators and denominators. The prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases and mental disorders was of 33,25 and 22,21 leaves per 1,000 workers respectively. Leaves of women and workers in relatively low-pay positions, aged between 40 and 49, married, working in the institution for over 21 years predominated. The study indicated that sick leaves due to musculoskeletal diseases that where predominating before in the company are decreasing. On the other hand, there was an increase of cases of mental and behavioral disorders, indicating a possible change in the health profile. However, further studies will be necessary to corroborate these results.

Fatores associados à aptidão clínica para a doação de sangue: determinantes demográficos e socioeconômicos / Factors associated to clinical aptness for blood donation: demographic and socioeconomic determinants

Crescimento significativo da preocupação com a segurança transfusional vem sendo observado nas últimas décadas, paralelo às alterações demográficas e sociais da população, além dos avanços técnico-científicos, que aumentam naturalmente a demanda por transfusões de sangue. Entretanto, apesar dos investimentos na captação de doadores, seu déficit continua sendo crônico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar aspectos demográficos e socioeconômicos entre indivíduos aptos, inaptos temporários e inaptos permanentes na triagem clínica para a doação de sangue, visando identificar fatores diferenciais. Constou de estudo caso-referente realizado no Hemocentro de Belo Horizonte (1994-1995), a partir de um inquérito envolvendo 3.527 candidatos à doação. Comparações das características dos candidatos aptos e inaptos foram realizadas, estratificadas por sexo. Regressão logística multinomial foi utilizada para investigar os fatores associados à aptidão para a doação. Os candidatos à doação se assemelhavam quanto ao nível socioeconômico e eram dissimilares na distribuição por sexo, faixa etária e tipo de doação. Para ambos os sexos, as seguintes características se associaram estatisticamente à aptidão: ser mais jovem (18 a 29 anos), ter união estável, estar trabalhando e não possuir automóvel. Para homens incluiu-se, ainda, ter até duas pessoas por dormitório na residência. Distintos perfis demográficos e socioeconômicos foram identificados, de acordo com o sexo e categorias de aptidão, com maior similaridade entre o perfil dos indivíduos inaptos clínicos temporários, principalmente mulheres, com o dos aptos clínicos. Portanto, justifica-se a adoção de múltiplas estratégias de captação de doadores para atingir públicos alvos específicos.

Over the last decades, growing concern regarding transfusional safety has been observed, parallel to demographic and social changes as well as technological advances and increasing demand for blood transfusions. However, despite investment to increase the number of blood donors, there is a chronic shortage of blood. The aim of this study was to compare demographic and social-economic characteristics comparing individuals that were considered eligible with temporarily and permanent non-eligible blood donors. A case-comparison study was carried out at the Blood Donation Center (Hemocentro) of Belo Horizonte from a survey involving 3,527 candidates for blood donation. Comparisons stratified by gender were made for all characteristics. Multinomial logistic regression was used to verify the association between the variables and eligibility for blood donation. Candidates for blood donation were similar according to the socio-economic level and dissimilar according to gender, age and type of donation. For both genders, the following characteristics were statistically associated in respect to eligibility for blood donation: to be young (18 to 29 years), to have a stable relationship and employment and not to own an automobile. For men, the presence of less than two people per bedroom of their residence was also statistically significant. Distinct demographic and social-economic profiles were identified in relation to gender and eligibility category. Similar profiles were found between temporarily non-eligible and eligible candidates, especially among women. Therefore, adopting multiple strategies in blood donor recruitment is justified in order to make contact with the different groups.

A qualidade da prescrição de antimicrobianos em ambulatórios públicos da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Belo Horizonte, MG / The quality of antibiotics prescription in public health services of Belo Horizonte, MG

Este estudo investiga o uso de antimicrobianos e os padrões de prescrição e identifica os antimicrobianos mais freqüentemente prescritos nas unidades do serviço público de saúde de Belo Horizonte, MG. O estudo foi observacional, transversal de investigação da utilização da prescrição de antibacterianos em unidades públicas de saúde de Belo Horizonte, a partir da avaliação de amostra de prontuários e prescrições dispensadas no mês de março de 2002. A pediatria apresentou o maior índice de prescrição de antimicrobianos. A amoxicilina foi o antibacteriano mais prescrito. As hipóteses diagnósticas registradas com maior freqüência foram infecções das vias aéreas superiores, tonsilite e otite média. O percentual de inadequação entre hipótese diagnóstica registrada e antimicrobiano prescrito foi superior a 25 por cento. Observou-se variabilidade nos tempos de tratamento instituídos e, em cerca de 10 por cento das prescrições, o dado estava ausente. Verificou-se uma ausência sistemática de registro de informações gerais no prontuário. O estudo demonstrou a necessidade de intervenções que assegurarem o cumprimento dos protocolos como forma de garantir o uso adequado dos antimicrobianos.

This study investigates the use of antibiotics and prescribing patterns and identifies the antibiotics most frequently prescribed in public health units of Belo Horizonte, MG. The methods used were observational, cross-sectional study aimed at analyzing the consistency between a sample of medical records and antibiotic prescriptions dispensed during March 2002 in eleven public health units in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Pediatrics showed the highest proportion of antibiotic prescribing among four specialties; amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic, followed by benzathine penicillin G, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and erythromycin. Upper respiratory tract infections, tonsillitis, acute otitis media and urinary tract infections were the diagnostic hypotheses most frequently recorded. Overall consistency between the recorded diagnostic hypotheses and the prescribed antibiotic was lower than 75 percent. The duration of the therapy prescribed varied largely and in approximately 10 percent of the prescriptions this information was lacking. Moreover, data on the patient such as age, body weight, co-morbidity, diagnostic hypotheses and adverse reactions, were systematically absent in the medical records. This study demonstrates the need for interventions in order to promote a more rational use of antibiotics.

[The quality of antibiotics prescription in public health services of Belo Horizonte, MG]. / A qualidade da prescrição de antimicrobianos em ambulatórios públicos da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Belo Horizonte, MG.

This study investigates the use of antibiotics and prescribing patterns and identifies the antibiotics most frequently prescribed in public health units of Belo Horizonte, MG. The methods used were observational, cross-sectional study aimed at analyzing the consistency between a sample of medical records and antibiotic prescriptions dispensed during March 2002 in eleven public health units in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Pediatrics showed the highest proportion of antibiotic prescribing among four specialties; amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic, followed by benzathine penicillin G, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and erythromycin. Upper respiratory tract infections, tonsillitis, acute otitis media and urinary tract infections were the diagnostic hypotheses most frequently recorded. Overall consistency between the recorded diagnostic hypotheses and the prescribed antibiotic was lower than 75%. The duration of the therapy prescribed varied largely and in approximately 10% of the prescriptions this information was lacking. Moreover, data on the patient such as age, body weight, co-morbidity, diagnostic hypotheses and adverse reactions, were systematically absent in the medical records. This study demonstrates the need for interventions in order to promote a more rational use of antibiotics.

[Economic restructuring and impacts on health and mental distress: the case of a state-owned bank in Minas Gerais State, Brazil]. / Reestruturação produtiva, impactos na saúde e sofrimento mental: o caso de um banco estatal em Minas Gerais, Brasil.

Restructuring of the Brazilian financial sector was consolidated through the combination of mass lay-offs, automation, and outsourcing, in addition to business re-engineering with leveling of hierarchical echelons, labor casualization, and multi-function jobs. In order to comply and deal with the new demands, bank employees had to increase their schooling, become multi-functional and expert sales attendants, and submit to substandard conditions in the workplace, increased workload, overtime, and low wages. The purpose of the current study was to examine the restructuring process in a state-owned bank in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, and its impacts on workers' health. The study also analyzes absenteeism rates from 1998 to 2003, when there was an increase in diseases such as repetitive stress injury (RSI)/work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD) and mental/behavioral disorders, accounting for 56% and 19% of sick leaves. The process has continued to the present, with a restrictive recruitment policy. Further study is needed to confirm the results.

Reestruturação produtiva, impactos na saúde e sofrimento mental: o caso de um banco estatal em Minas Gerais, Brasil / Economic restructuring and impacts on health and mental distress: the case of a state-owned bank in Minas Gerais State, Brazil

A reestruturação produtiva no setor financeiro brasileiro instalou-se por meio do trinômio demissões em massa, automação e terceirização, além de processos de reengenharia empresarial, com redução de níveis hierárquicos, flexibilização e polivalência de funções. O bancário, para se adaptar e resistir às exigências, aumentou seu nível de escolaridade, tornou-se polivalente e exímio vendedor, submetendo-se à precariedade das condições de trabalho, aumento da carga de serviços, longas jornadas e baixos salários. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o processo de reestruturação produtiva em um banco público do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, e seus possíveis impactos na saúde de seus trabalhadores. Analisou-se também o absenteísmo no período entre 1998 e 2003, quando houve maior desenvolvimento de doenças, como lesão por esforço repetitivo/distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho (LER/DORT) e os distúrbios mentais e comportamentais, sendo responsáveis, respectivamente, por 56 por cento e 19 por cento do número de dias de afastamentos. O processo continuou até os dias atuais, com uma política restritiva de contratações. Novos estudos se fazem necessários para a continuidade desta análise e para confirmar os resultados encontrados.

Restructuring of the Brazilian financial sector was consolidated through the combination of mass lay-offs, automation, and outsourcing, in addition to business reengineering with leveling of hierarchical echelons, labor casualization, and multi-function jobs. In order to comply and deal with the new demands, bank employees had to increase their schooling, become multi-functional and expert sales attendants, and submit to substandard conditions in the workplace, increased workload, overtime, and low wages. The purpose of the current study was to examine the restructuring process in a state-owned bank in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, and its impacts on workers' health. The study also analyzes absenteeism rates from 1998 to 2003, when there was an increase in diseases such as repetitive stress injury (RSI)/work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD) and mental/behavioral disorders, accounting for 56 percent and 19 percent of sick leaves. The process has continued to the present, with a restrictive recruitment policy. Further study is needed to confirm the results.

Absenteísmo no trabalho em saúde: fatores relacionados / Absenteeism at work in health: related factors

Apresenta-se uma revisão de literatura sobre o absenteísmo por motivo de doença e fatores relacionados à sua magnitude e variabilidade, enfatizando-se os trabalhadores no setor hospitalar e da saúde. Foram apresentados os conceitos de absenteísmo e seu contraponto, o presenteísmo. Os fatores relacionados ao absenteísmo são aqueles relativos ao perfil sociodemográfico e ao ambiente de trabalho, incluindo os riscos psicossociais. As situações peculiares ao ambiente de trabalho em saúde e os elementos comportamentais envolvidos no processo decisório, como a motivação e a relação do indivíduo com o trabalho e com seu processo de saúde-doença, também foram considerados. São apresentadas também algumas iniciativas de intervenção no ambiente de trabalho e suas repercussões nas taxas de absenteísmo. As evidências estatísticas e as análises conceituais confirmam a importância de se acompanharem as taxas de absenteísmo como um indicador, não só da situação epidemiológica, mas também das condições laborais, dos riscos específicos, do clima organizacional e do grau de comprometimento do grupo estudado.

A literature review on absenteeism due to disease and factors related to its magnitude and viability is presented, emphasizing hospital and health workers. It were presented the concepts of absenteeism and its counterpoint, the presenteeism. The factors related to absenteeism are those concerning the social-demographic profile and the work environment including psychosocial risks. The situations peculiar to the work environment in health and the behaving elements involved in the decision making, as motivation and the individual relation with the work and his health-disease process were also taken into consideration. It were also presented some steps of intervention at work environment and its repercussions on absenteeism rates. The statistical evidences and the conceptual analyses confirm the importance of following the absenteeism rates as an indicator, not only on epidemiological situation but also labor conditions, specific risks, organizational climate and engagement level of the studied team.

Compliance with inhaled corticosteroid treatment: rates reported by guardians and measured by the pharmacy.

OBJECTIVE: There is elevated morbidity associated with asthma, particularly in developing countries, and failure to comply with inhaled corticosteroid treatment contributes to this morbidity. The objective of this study is to compare rates of compliance with beclomethasone treatment reported by parents or guardians with those measured by pharmacy dispensing records. METHODS: A concurrent cohort study of 12 months' duration was carried out, enrolling 106 asthmatic children and adolescents, selected at random. Linear regression was used to compare rates of compliance reported by parents or guardians with the pharmacy dispensing records at the service, every 4 months after enrollment on the study. RESULTS: Compliance rates reported by parents and/or guardians were always higher (p < 0.001) and exhibited a weak correlation with pharmacy records during the period studied; fourth (r = 0.37) and twelfth (r = 0.31) months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of compliance reported by parents were overestimated during all study periods. The compliance rates of children with asthma should also be monitored by other methods and, in this case, pharmacy records effectively revealed compliance failures. Given its low cost, this method is indicated for verification of these compliance rates.

Adesão ao uso de corticóide inalatório na asma: taxas relatadas pelos responsáveis e mensuradas pela farmácia / Compliance with inhaled corticosteroid treatment: rates reported by guardians and measured by the pharmacy

OBJETIVO: A morbidade associada à asma é elevada, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento, e as falhas na adesão ao uso de corticóide inalatório contribuem para esta elevação. Este estudo objetiva comparar as taxas de adesão ao uso de beclometasona relatadas pelos responsáveis e as mensuradas pelos registros de dispensação farmacêutica do medicamento. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte concorrente com duração de 12 meses, do qual participaram 106 crianças e adolescentes asmáticos, selecionados aleatoriamente. Através da regressão linear, as taxas de adesão relatadas pelos responsáveis e pelos registros de dispensação da farmácia do serviço foram correlacionadas, quadrimestralmente, a partir da admissão no estudo. RESULTADOS: As taxas de adesão relatadas pelos pais e/ou responsáveis foram sempre superiores (p < 0,001) e apresentaram fraca correlação com aquelas mensuradas pelos registros de farmácia nos períodos estudados, quarto (r = 0,37) e 12º (r = 0,31) mês do seguimento.CONCLUSÃO: As taxas de adesão relatadas pelos pais foram superestimadas em todos os períodos do estudo. Crianças com asma deveriam ter suas taxas de adesão também monitoradas por outros métodos e, neste caso, os registros de farmácia foram efetivos em revelar as falhas na adesão. Dado ao seu baixo custo, esse método está indicado para a verificação dessas taxas.

OBJECTIVE: There is elevated morbidity associated with asthma, particularly in developing countries, and failure to comply with inhaled corticosteroid treatment contributes to this morbidity. The objective of this study is to compare rates of compliance with beclomethasone treatment reported by parents or guardians with those measured by pharmacy dispensing records. METHODS: A concurrent cohort study of 12 months' duration was carried out, enrolling 106 asthmatic children and adolescents, selected at random. Linear regression was used to compare rates of compliance reported by parents or guardians with the pharmacy dispensing records at the service, every 4 months after enrollment on the study. RESULTS: Compliance rates reported by parents and/or guardians were always higher (p < 0.001) and exhibited a weak correlation with pharmacy records during the period studied; fourth (r = 0.37) and twelfth (r = 0.31) months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of compliance reported by parents were overestimated during all study periods. The compliance rates of children with asthma should also be monitored by other methods and, in this case, pharmacy records effectively revealed compliance failures. Given its low cost, this method is indicated for verification of these compliance rates.